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The Insurgency in the North Caucasus is an armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, since June 2015, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) groups.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia’s North Caucasus Region )〕 It followed the official end of the decade-long Second Chechen War on 16 April 2009.〔(Russia 'ends Chechnya operation' ), BBC News, 16 April 2009〕 It attracts people from the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, and Central Asia who then participated in the conflict, but volunteers from the North Caucasus have also fought in Syria. The violence has mostly been concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Occasional incidents happen in surrounding regions, like North Ossetia–Alania, Pyatigorsk and Volgograd. ==Background== In late 1999, Russia's Premier, Vladimir Putin, ordered military, police and security forces to enter the breakaway region of Chechnya. By early 2000, these forces occupied most of the region. High levels of fighting continued for several more years and resulted in thousands of Russian and Chechen casualties and hundreds of thousands of displaced persons. In 2005, Chechen rebel leader, Abdul-Halim Sadulayev, decreed the formation of a Caucasus Front against Russia, among Islamic believers in the North Caucasus, in an attempt to widen Chechnya's conflict with Russia. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. Russia's pacification policy in Chechnya has involved setting up a pro-Moscow regional government and transferring more local security duties to this government. An important factor in Russia's apparent success in Chechnya has been reliance on pro-Moscow Chechen clans affiliated with regional President Ramzan Kadyrov. Police and paramilitary forces under Kadyrov's authority have committed abuses of human rights, according to rulings by the European Court of Human Rights and others. Terrorist attacks in the North Caucasus appeared to increase substantially in 2007–2010. In the summer of 2009, more than 442 persons died in North Caucasus violence in just four months as compared to only 150 deaths reported in the entire year of 2008.〔(Moscow and Grozny Evince Growing Nervousness Over Regional Security ), The Jamestown Foundation, 9 November 2009. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.〕 In the whole year 2009, according to the official figures by the Russian government, 235 Interior Ministry personnel (Defense Ministry and the FSB losses not included) were killed and 686 injured,〔(North Caucasus saw over 230 Interior Ministry deaths in 2009 ), Sputnik News, 16 January 2010〕 while more than 541 alleged fighters and their supporters were killed and over 600 detained.〔(Кавказский Узел|Нургалиев: с начала года на Северном Кавказе нейтрализовано более 700 боевиков ). Chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. 〕 The rate of increase of terrorist incidents lessened in 2010, as compared to 2008–2009, however the rate of civilian casualties substantially increased throughout the North Caucasus in 2010 and a rising number of terrorist incidents took place outside of Chechnya.〔Gordon Hahn, "Trends in Jihadist Violence in Russia During 2010 in Statistics", Islam, Islamism and Politics in Eurasia Report, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 26 January 2011〕 In the period from 2010 to 2014, the number of casualties in the North Caucasus insurgency declined each year, with the overall death toll falling by more than half. Reasons suggested for the decline include the deaths of high ranking insurgency commanders, the increased targeting by security forces of the support infrastructure relied on by the insurgents, and an exodus of insurgents to other conflict zones.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Insurgency in the North Caucasus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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